What is dyslipidemia diet

Hereditary disorders occur when parents pass the defective genes that cause these disorders on to their children. There are different People can also inherit a tendency for HDL cholesterol to be unusually low.

Consequences of primary dyslipidemias can include premature atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition in which patchy deposits of fatty material atheromas or atherosclerotic plaques develop in the walls of medium-sized and large arteries, leading to reduced or Peripheral arterial disease Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral arterial disease results in reduced blood flow in the arteries of the trunk, arms, and legs.

Symptoms depend Stroke Overview of Stroke A stroke occurs when an artery to the brain becomes blocked or ruptures, resulting in death of an area of brain tissue due to loss of its blood supply cerebral infarction and symptoms that Very high triglyceride levels can cause pancreatitis Overview of Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas.

The pancreas is a leaf-shaped organ about 5 inches about 13 centimeters long. It is surrounded by the lower edge of the stomach and the first In people who have a genetic disorder that causes high triglyceride levels such as familial hypertriglyceridemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia , certain disorders and substances can increase triglycerides to extremely high levels.

Examples of disorders include poorly controlled diabetes Diabetes Mellitus DM Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar glucose levels to be abnormally high. Examples of substances include excessive alcohol consumption and use of certain drugs, such as estrogens taken by mouth , that increase triglyceride levels. Symptoms can include fatty deposits eruptive xanthomas in the skin on the front of the legs and back of the arms, an enlarged spleen and liver, abdominal pain, and a decreased sensitivity to touch due to nerve damage.

These disorders can cause pancreatitis Overview of Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. Limiting fat intake to less than 50 grams a day can help prevent nerve damage and pancreatitis. Losing weight and not drinking alcohol can also help.

Lipid-lowering drugs may be effective. In familial combined hyperlipidemia, the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or both may be high. The lipid levels typically become abnormal after age 30 but sometimes at a younger age, especially in people who are overweight, who have a diet that is very high in fat, or who have metabolic syndrome Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a large waist circumference due to excess abdominal fat , high blood pressure, resistance to the effects of insulin insulin resistance or diabetes, Treatment of familial combined hyperlipidemia involves limiting intake of saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar as well as exercising and, when applicable, losing weight.

Many people with this disorder need to take lipid-lowering drugs. In familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, levels of very low density lipoprotein VLDL and total cholesterol and triglycerides are high.

These levels are high because an unusual form of VLDL accumulates in the blood. Fatty deposits xanthomas may form in the skin over the elbows and knees and in the palms, where they can cause yellow creases. This uncommon disorder results in the early development of severe atherosclerosis.

By middle age, atherosclerosis often produces blockages in the coronary and peripheral arteries. Treatment of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia involves achieving and maintaining recommended body weight and limiting intake of cholesterol, saturated fats, and carbohydrates. A lipid-lowering drug is usually needed. With treatment, lipid levels can be improved, the progression of atherosclerosis may be slowed, and the fatty deposits in the skin may become smaller or disappear.

In familial hypercholesterolemia, the total cholesterol level is high. People may have inherited one abnormal gene or they may have inherited two abnormal genes, one from each parent. People who have two abnormal genes homozygotes are more severely affected than people who have only one abnormal gene heterozygotes. About 1 in people are heterozygotes, and 1 in , to 1 in 1 million people are homozygotes.

Affected people may have fatty deposits xanthomas in the tendons at the heels, knees, elbows, and fingers. Rarely, xanthomas appear by age Familial hypercholesterolemia can result in rapidly progressive atherosclerosis and early death due to coronary artery disease Overview of Coronary Artery Disease CAD Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked.

Children with two abnormal genes may have a heart attack or angina by age 20, and men with one abnormal gene often develop coronary artery disease between ages 30 and Women with one abnormal gene are also at increased risk, but the risk usually starts about 10 years later than in men.

People who smoke or have high blood pressure, diabetes, or obesity may develop atherosclerosis even earlier. Treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia begins with following a diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol. When applicable, losing weight, stopping smoking, and increasing physical activity are advised. One or more lipid-lowering drugs are usually needed. Some people require apheresis Plasma exchange In apheresis, blood is removed from a person and then returned after substances are removed from it.

Apheresis can be used to Obtain healthy blood components from a donor to transfuse to a person Some people with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia may benefit from liver transplantation Liver Transplantation Liver transplantation is the surgical removal of a healthy liver or sometimes a part of a liver from a living person and then its transfer into a person whose liver no longer functions.

Early diagnosis and treatment can decrease the increased risk of heart attack and stroke. In familial hypertriglyceridemia, triglyceride levels are high. In some families affected by this disorder, atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition in which patchy deposits of fatty material atheromas or atherosclerotic plaques develop in the walls of medium-sized and large arteries, leading to reduced or When applicable, losing weight and limiting alcohol and carbohydrate consumption often lower triglyceride levels to normal.

If these measures are ineffective, use of a lipid-lowering drug can help. For people who also have diabetes, good control of the diabetes is important. In hypoalphalipoproteinemia, the HDL cholesterol level is low. A low HDL cholesterol level is often inherited. Many different genetic abnormalities can cause the low HDL level. Since drugs that raise HDL cholesterol do not decrease the risk of atherosclerosis, hypoalphalipoproteinemia is treated by lowering LDL cholesterol.

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency and apolipoprotein CII deficiency are rare disorders caused by the lack of certain proteins needed for the removal of triglyceride-containing particles. In these disorders, the body cannot remove chylomicrons from the bloodstream, resulting in very high triglyceride levels. Symptoms appear during childhood and young adulthood.

They include recurring bouts of abdominal pain, an enlarged liver and spleen, and pinkish yellow bumps in the skin on the elbows, knees, buttocks, back, front of the legs, and back of the arms.

These bumps, called eruptive xanthomas, are deposits of fat. Eating fats worsens symptoms. Although this disorder does not lead to atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition in which patchy deposits of fatty material atheromas or atherosclerotic plaques develop in the walls of medium-sized and large arteries, leading to reduced or People who have this disorder must strictly limit the amount of all types of fat—saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated—in their diet.

People may need to take vitamin supplements to make up for nutrients missing from their diets. There are some therapies in development for treatment of lipoprotein lipase deficiency and apolipoprotein CII deficiency. A sedentary lifestyle with excessive dietary intake of total calories, saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats see sidebar Types of Fat Types of Fat Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked.

Having diabetes mellitus Diabetes Mellitus DM Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar glucose levels to be abnormally high. Having hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is underactivity of the thyroid gland that leads to inadequate production of thyroid hormones and a slowing of vital body functions. Facial expressions become dull, the voice Eventually, the ducts are blocked, the liver becomes scarred, and cirrhosis and liver Some people are more sensitive to the effects of diet than others, but most people are affected to some degree.

One person can eat large amounts of animal fat, and the total cholesterol level does not rise above desirable levels. Another person can follow a strict low-fat diet, and the total cholesterol does not fall below a high level. This difference seems to be mostly genetically determined. Also, body type does not always predict levels of cholesterol. Some overweight people have low cholesterol levels, and some thin people have high levels.

Eating excess calories can result in high triglyceride levels, as can consuming large amounts of alcohol. Body type does not predict cholesterol levels. Some overweight people have low cholesterol levels, and some thin people have high cholesterol levels. The bioactive ingredients in garlic are enzymes e. Allicin concentrations in garlic vary based on the garlic processing method. Because allicin is an unstable compound, it gets quickly transformed into different chemicals.

However, even in the absence of allicin, garlic still preserves it positive effects on CVDs. Clinically, garlic's benefits have been reported in the alleviation of several conditions, including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.

The possible antibacterial, antihypertensive, and antithrombotic abilities of garlic also render it an important antiatherogenic Onions rank high among the vegetables that are rich in flavonoids, predominantly containing quercetin.

Their most substantial benefits related to CVDs involve lowering blood pressure and oxidized LDL cholesterol and acting as an inflammatory marker. The beneficial effects of cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vitro and in animal models have been revealed in the alleviation of diabetes associated with weight loss and a decrease in fasting glucose concentrations and glycated hemoglobin a substance contained in red blood cells that binds to glucose and provides a measure of average blood glucose, useful in the diagnosis of diabetes Although the positive influences of cinnamon are claimed in most animal models, clinically proven trials remain scarce and contradictory We noted that there are other food matrices containing compounds with proven health benefits.

In a study in rats fed a high-fat diet, the consumption of tomato juice and tomato products sources of lycopene reduced hallmarks of steatosis, TGs, and VLDLs, and increased lipid metabolism by inducing an overexpression of genes involved in more efficient FA oxidation In humans, a randomized, single-blinded, controlled clinical trial demonstrated that raw tomato consumption produced a favorable effect on HDL cholesterol concentrations in overweight women Moreover, recent studies suggest an important role of citrus flavonoids including naringenin, hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin in the treatment of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, obesity, and atherosclerosis 80 , Human intervention studies with the use of chokeberries, cranberries, blueberries, and strawberries fresh, as a juice, or freeze-dried or purified anthocyanin extracts have demonstrated significant improvements in LDL cholesterol oxidation, lipid peroxidation, total plasma antioxidant capacity, dyslipidemia, and glucose metabolism As natural sources of antioxidants, the regular consumption of these foods can exert positive effects, especially in improving biomarkers of oxidative stress and acting against dyslipidemia and other diseases.

Some nutrients and food components containing potential benefits for the control of dyslipidemia, the amount used, and the effects observed based on scientific evidence are listed in Table 1. Possible involvement of nutrients and food components in the lipid profile and cardiovascular health as demonstrated in studies 1.

With respect to the link between health and food, several pieces of scientific evidence are available on the beneficial effects of foods and their bioactive components in the regulation of the lipid profile, and thereby in the prevention and control of dyslipidemia.

In general, the following have been found to exert a positive impact on human health: PUFAs and MUFAs in appropriate proportions, soluble fiber oats and psyllium, in particular , phytosterols, soy protein, oilseeds, and nuts. Importance should also be given to a diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables and antioxidant sources, because they play a role in protection against LDL cholesterol oxidation.

The combined effect of the inclusion of certain nutrients and food components and their additional effect on dyslipidemia justifies their daily recommendation in clinical practice. Institute of Medicine US. Committee on Preventing the Global Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease: Meeting the challenges in developing countries. Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: A critical challenge to achieve global health. Fuster V , Kelly BB. Google Scholar. Google Preview.

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Journal List Clin Nutr Res v. Clin Nutr Res. Published online Jul Find articles by Woori Na. Find articles by Bonghee Chung. Find articles by Cheongmin Sohn. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Correspondence to Cheongmin Sohn. The Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract An increase in the prevalence of dyslipidemia has been strongly associated with the mortality rate of cardiovascular disease.

Dietary assessment and dietary pattern Dietary intake survey We analyzed the meals and nutritional intake using hour recall data provided in the KoGES.

Classification into food groups We used the 18 food codes included in the KoGES and reclassified foods in each food group. Factor analysis For factor extraction, we used principal component analysis and for factor rotation, we used varimax rotation. Statistical analysis Covariates Among the data obtained from the urban cohort study, we analyzed the education and income levels using data from the questionnaire based sociodemographic survey.

Dietary pattern analysis To derive dietary patterns for Korean men, we performed factor analysis using 25 food groups. Open in a separate window. Factor analysis to identify dietary patterns The results of the factor analysis of the remaining 25 food groups are shown in Table 2. Characteristics by factor score tertiles of each food pattern Table 3 shows the subjects' general characteristics and biochemical parameter results by factor score tertiles for each dietary pattern.

Table 3 Characteristics according to tertiles of dietary pattern. Analysis of dyslipidemia risk by dietary pattern Table 4 shows the analysis of dyslipidemia risk by dietary pattern. Footnotes Funding: This study was supported by Wonkwang University in References 1. Epidemiologic characteristics of dyslipidemia in Korea. J Lipid Atheroscler. Korea National Statistical Office.

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